Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease induced by bacterial insult and host immune response. Epidemiological and clinical studies over the past decade have suggested its association with development of atherogenesis, which may lead to cardiovascular disease and its complications. Lifestyle diseases are non-communicable chronic diseases of longevity that are increasing in frequency as countries become more industrialized and people live longer. The lifestyle diseases, including for example atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases, stroke, type 2 diabetes mellitus,
obesity and osteoporosis, are at present increasing at an alarming rate worldwide, and are related largely to diet and the way a person lives. The long office hour and the type of activities we encounter daily in our office make us in the dental professions are at risk for developing lifestyle diseases. Healthy lifestyle factors include good nutrition, regular exercise, non-smoking and body mass index of less than 25 kg/m2, etc. Because the oral cavity is generally considered the window of systemic health and disease, the lifestyle behaviors that promote oral health also decrease risks for
developing lifestyle diseases. Both periodontitis and all of the lifestyle diseases mentioned above are associated with chronic low-grade inflammation. When bacteria in the oral cavity are dysregulated, periodontal diseases will develop, particularly obvious in those suffering systemic diseases like diabetes and other metabolic disorders. Different lines of evidence point to a causal link between periodontitis and some lifestyle diseases. Current proposal regarding the microbial agent for periodontitis is based not on a single species of bacteria like Porphyromonas gingivalis, but on alteration
of microbial community at the diseased sites. With this new proposal, periodontitis is therefore considered to be a polymicrobial origin resulting from imbalanced oral microbiota. When microbes in this unhealthy oral microbiota (known as dysbiosis) are dislodged, aspirated or swallowed, they can disturb the balance of microbiota and homeostasis at distant extra-oral sites and can influence systemic health status. Therefore, by carefully controlling the microbial balance, for example, with probiotics by health professionals, may help alleviating both oral and systemic diseases and restoring homeostatic balance of the host. Research to advance the knowledge regarding molecular pathogenesis of periodontitis and “lifestyle” diseases should provide us with ways and means to develop new approaches in patient management or identify new drug targets that will improve the quality of life of our patients.

Class II division 1 malocclusion is one of the malocclusion that orthodontic treatment is indicated. General characteristics of Class II division 1 malocclusion are protruded upper incisors, increased overjet, deep overbite and deep curve of Spee. Protruded upper incisors affect facial appearance and are prone to have trauma. The treatment objectives in this specific malocclusion are normal overjet, normal overbite, correct protrusion of upper incisors and enhancing normal function of perioral muscle. The treatment principles to correct this malocclusion are growth modification in growing patient, conventional orthodontic treatment and orthognathic surgery. This article is intended to present the knowledge regarding conventional orthodontic treatment in Class II division 1 malocclusion in adult.

Distraction osteogenesis or callostasis is a technique for new bone formation by gradual separation of bony fragments. The method was first developed for limb lengthening but recently this process has been widely applied in the cranio-maxillofacial bone. The application of this technique included bone lengthening and reconstruction of segmental defects. Several designs of extraoral and intraoral distraction devices were invented to suit different areas of the craniofacial bone. Nevertheless, intraoral distractors have several advantages including minimal scarring and being less cumbersome. Clinical cases using intraoral distraction osteogenesis technique as the alternative treatment for conventional surgical procedures for maxillo-mandibular lengthening and reconstruction of the alveolar segmental defect after tumor resection and before implant installation are presented and discussedin this study.

The objective of this study was to investigate the working time, depth of cure, flexural strength, and cytotoxicity of Research Unit-Herbal Medicine, Biomaterial and Material 1 (RU-HBM1), a resin modified glass ionomer (RMGI) cement prototype, compared with commercial RMGIs. RU-HBM1, GC-Gold Label Light-Cured Universal Restorative
(GC), and VitrebondTM (VB) were evaluated for working time, depth of cure, and flexural strength per ISO 9917-2:2010 and ISO 9917-2:1998. Five specimens of each material were incubated in growth medium for 24 h. Primary human dental pulp cells were cultured in a 50 % dilution of the conditioned medium from each specimen, with growth
media used as a control. Cytotoxicity was determined using a 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) based colorimetric assay. One-way analysis of variance and the Scheffe´ multiple comparison test were used to analyze the data. It was found that the three materials met the requirements of ISO 9917-2:2010 and
ISO 9917-2:1998 for working time, depth of cure, and flexural strength. GC had the highest depth of cure and flexural strength with VB presenting the lowest values (p < 0.05). RU-HBM1 demonstrated a significantly higher depth of cure compared with that of VB, and a significantly lower depth of cure compared with that of GC (p < 0.05). RU-HBM1 showed no significant difference in flexural strength compared with those of GC and VB. The MTT assay indicated that VB conditioned media significantly reduced cell viability at 24 and 48 hours (p < 0.05). RU-HBM1 and GC conditioned media slightly decreased cell viability at 48 hours. In conclusion, RU-HBM1 met the requirements
for working time, depth of cure, and flexural strength per ISO 9917-2:2010 and ISO 9917-2:1998. RU-HBM1 condition media was biocompatible with pulp cells after culturing for 48 hours.

Dentist is the first person who has the opportunity to detect abnormal changes in the oral
cavity. As oral diseases are frequently associated with systemic diseases, this is important for the
patients because early detection and correct diagnosis can save the patients’ life. Many oral diseases
can cause burning sensation, severe pain and difficulty in speaking, swallowing, and/or eating. These
symptoms can tremendously affect the patients’ general health as well as their quality-of-life. With
the emerging new diseases/infections and the increase in autoimmune disease related oral lesions,
achieving accurate diagnosis and effective treatment has been a challenge. Hence, knowledge in oral
diagnosis and oral medicine are very important for the dental practitioners. Topical steroid such as
fluocinolone acetonide was established in the Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University since
1985. Treatment and management of Oral Lichen Planus (OLP), Oral Lichenoid Drug Reaction (OLDR),
Recurrent Oral Ulceration (ROU), Glossitis, Pemphigus, Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid (MMP) and
research in oral medicine have been discussed. This review presented the interesting oral diseases
in Thai patients and milestone of oral medicine in Thailand.

A self-adhesive resin cement system is produced for clinical use for the purpose of permanently
luting indirect restoration onto abutment. This cement system essentially does not require any
phosphoric etching or primer applying step in order to make a convenience and a simplified procedure.
This leads to a wide use of self-adhesive resin cements in dental clinic. In principal, this resin cement
is an acidic functional monomer-containing luting system. The acidic derivative, hydrophilic part, could
modify tooth surface along with penetration into partially decalcified dentin and then chemically
interact with residual hydroxyapatite. In addition, functional monomer also contains the unsaturated
c=c, hydrophobic part, which could be polymerized to form a polymer network. Therefore, the bond
strength may result from both of micro-mechanical interlocking and chemical bonding. One of the
advantages of selfadhesive resin cement is no chemical agents for pretreatment on tooth surface
prior to cementation with resin cement thereby minimizing the technique sensitivity and thus the risk
of making errors when using acid etch and rinse system. However, the bond strength of self-adhesive
resin cements is lower than those etch and rinse, and self-etch systems but it is more biocompatible
than other resin cement systems.

This case report describes the orthodontic treatment of a young adult Thai male aged 17
years 9 months with a severe skeletal Class III malocclusion, negative incisor overjet substantial
mandibular anterior shift, maxillary incisor crowding, and deep overbite. Treatment was only
orthodontics without extraction. Self-ligating appliances combined with removable posterior bite-raiser,
Class III and triangular Class III intermaxillary elastics were used. The active treatment required 27
visits unavoidably spread over 58 months. Achieving positive overjet together with maxillary incisor
alignment enabled correction of the anterior functional displacement of the mandible, also allowing
a more stable Class I dental occlusion and significant improvement of facial profile. For more than
three years post-treatment, the occlusion has remained stable with no signs or symptoms of
temporomandibular disturbance.

The objective of this study is to investigate the efficacy and verify the shelf-life after the
preparation to working concentration of disinfectants used in dental clinic. Three standard
bacterial strains: Staphylococus aureus; ATCC 25929, Salmonella typhimurium; ATCC 14028 and Bacillus
subtilis; ATCC 6633 were chosen to test seven disinfectants: ethanol, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl),
glutaraldehyde (CIDEX^®), iodophore (POSE^®), modern combination of Quaternary Ammonium Compound
(QAC) and alkyl-propylene-diamine-guanidine (Alpro®BIB forte), chlorhexidine-gluconate (Chx),
combination of isopropryl-alcohol and dual-QAC (Umonium^®). Micro-dilution assay was used to
determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of each disinfectant. Minimum Bactericidal
Concentration (MBC) was determined by spread-plating method. Potency of various shelf-life after
the preparation of the disinfectants was also tested. All of the disinfectants tested, except ethanol,
were effective against all three bacterial strains at Working Concentration (WC). Umonium^®, Alpro^®
BIB forte, glutaraldehyde, and Chx at every concentration tested (2WC, WC, WC/2, WC/4 and WC/8) were
effective against three strains of bacteria, whereas iodophore and NaOCl were less effective against
S. typhimurium and B. subtilis. Surprisingly, ethanol was not effective at all concentrations against
B. subtilis. After the preparation to WC, all of the disinfectants retained their potency up to 4 weeks against
S. typhimurium and S. aureus. Whatever the shelf-life is ethanol was not at all effective against B. subtilis.
In conclusion, MIC and MBC of Umonium®, Chx, Alpro®BIB forte and glutaraldehyde against three
bacterial strains are less than or equivalent to 1/8 WC. Ethanol was not effective at all to B. subtilis.
Iodophore and sodium hypochlorite were less effective in diluted form. All of the disinfectants except
ethanol, if keep in close container, retained its potency up to 4 weeks after the preparation to WC.

The objective was to evaluate the effects of two soft drinks on the shear strength of bonds
between metal orthodontic brackets and enamel using two types of adhesives. Seventy-two maxillary
premolars extracted for orthodontic treatment were randomly divided into two equal groups according
to the adhesive systems used to bond the brackets: Transbond^TM XT primer and Transbond^TM Plus
Self Etching Primer (SEP). The teeth in both groups were divided equally into three subgroups: 1)
artificial saliva (control), 2) Coca-Cola^®, 3) Oishi^® green tea. The teeth were kept in the drinks for 15
minutes, two times a day over a 90-day period. The Shear Bond Strength (SBS) tests were performed
with a universal testing machine. A scanning electron microscope was used to examine the effect of
the drinks on enamel surfaces.The highest mean bond strength (17.52 MPa) was achieved in the
Transbond^TM XT primer/control group, and the lowest mean bond strength (6.26 M Pa) was in the
Transbond^TM Plus SEP/Coca-Cola^® group. No significant differences were found in the shear bond
strength among three subgroups using Transbond^TM XT primer. For the Transbond^TM Plus SEP,
Coca-Cola^® produced a significantly (p < 0.05) lower bond strength than did the control group.
Erosion on enamel surfaces was observed in the Coca-Cola^® group, while there were no extensive
defects in the Oishi^® group. ARI scores were similar among the group with the same adhesive primer.
Coca-Cola^® and Oishi^® green tea did not affect the shear bond strength when conventional
Transbond^TM XT primer was used, whereas Coca-Cola^® showed a negative effect on bond strength
when Transbond^TM Plus SEP was applied.

The objective of this study was to investigate the stainability effects of five beverages (apple
cider, orange juice, Coca-Cola, coffee, and beer) on nanohybrid resin composite and giomer. Fifty
specimens of each resin composite and giomer were prepared. Before immersion, baseline data of
the color values were recorded. Five groups of discs (N = 10) were alternately immersed in 25 mL of
each beverage for 5 seconds and in 25 mL of artificial saliva for 5 seconds for 10 cycles. Specimens
were then stored in artificial saliva for 24 hours. This process was repeated everyday for 28 days.
After immersion, specimens were evaluated and data were analyzed by two-way repeated ANOVA
and Tukey’s HSD (α = 0.05). Color changes (ΔE* > 3.3) in both materials were significantly found
after being immersed in the Coca-Cola, coffee, and orange juice groups (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the
stainability effect of these beverages on both of the restorative materials also depended upon the
chemical composition of the restorative materials and beverages.