JOURNAL OF THE DENTAL ASSOCIATION OF THAILAND

  • Issue 4 volume 58
  • Issue 3 volume 58
  • Issue 2 volume 58
  • Issue 1 volume 58
1
Page : 205-213

Title : The Effect of Calcium Hydroxide on Chemical Composition of Root Dentin Part II: Three Proprietary Mixtures

Author(s) : Waraporn Thitinanthapan, Pratana Yodmanotham, Sanong Ekasit

Keyword(s) : calcium hydroxide,dentin,Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy,primary amide

Manuscript Type : Original Article (บทวิทยาการ)

Page : 205-213

The purpose of this in vitro study was to determine the effects of three calcium hydroxide formulations on chemical alterations of dentin surface using the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy technique. Twenty-nine human single root premolars were collected. Their crowns and apical 1/3 of roots were removed. After mechanical instrumentation with K-file no. 50, the teeth were divided randomly into 3 experimental groups (8 teeth for each group): Vitapex®, MU paste, and Ultracal® and 1 control group (5 teeth). The roots were sectioned faciolingually into 2 pieces. Each type of the calcium hydroxide was injected to fill up the canal wall of the specimen, then stored in 37 οC and 100% humidity for 7, 14 and 30 days. The control specimen was placed in distilled water and kept in the same environment. The infrared absorption was recorded before and after the treatment to investigate the modifications of the peak area under the amide I (1650 cm-1), and orthophosphate (1050 cm-1). The Omnic software was employed for all spectral analysis. The result revealed a statistically significant decrease (p < .05) in amide I peak area in two testing groups: MU paste and Ultracal after 14 days measurement. Amide I -orthophosphate ratios in all testing groups also decreased significantly (p < .05) by day 14. This result suggests that calcium hydroxide with different vehicles adversely affect the chemical composition of root dentin, which should be considered when studying about dentin.
2
Page : 214-222

Title : Denture Adhesives: Adhesion Testing Methods

Author(s) : Piyawat Phankosol, Panarat Kodkeaw, Siriporn Rujiravanich, Panita Ritthaporn

Keyword(s) : denture adhesives, testing method

Manuscript Type : Original Article (บทวิทยาการ)

Page : 214-222

The main reason for using denture adhesives is to increase adhesion. Testing of the adhesion properties requires reliable instruments, equipment and methods together with repeatability for comparison. In addition, there were limitations of in vitro testing methods led to an adhesion value that did not represent those which occurred intraorally. The objective of this study was to create testing machines, instrument and methods for denture adhesive testing. The results showed that the Pi 2 method using pig skin and acrylic plate models was able to solve this in vitro problem. Since the available instrumentations for in vivo testing method were quite complicated, the Pi 3 method was then developed by using acrylic resin palatal plate and an adhesion testing instrument based on a balance beam composed of an analog force gauge, a force controller and a head positioning device. From the trial testing, it was found that the results from the Pi 2 method could be statistically analyzed to distinguish the differences between 6 formulated adhesive gels very well. For the Pi 3 method, the adhesion testing instrument was also very effective. However, selection criteria for the test groups should be carefully concerned. In conclusion, the Pi 2 and Pi 3 methods are effective in testing denture adhesives.
3
Page : 223-233

Title : Performance Status and Perceptions of the Private Dentists in Bangkok and Adjacent Provinces towards Smoking Cessation Services

Author(s) : Doungporn Sirithepmontree

Keyword(s) : private dental clinics,smoking cessation

Manuscript Type : Original Article (บทวิทยาการ)

Page : 223-233

The objectives of this research were to evaluate the level of skills and knowledge of dentists in giving advices on smoking cessation, to study the roles of dentists towards smoking cessation services through private dental clinics in Bangkok and adjacent provinces, assess the progression on performances of the dental networks for smoking cessationcampaign, to gain a better understanding about the dentists’ needs on particular media for the smoking cessation campaign, and to seek for dental clinics willingly participate in the smoking cessation campaign to further develop a long partnership. The results of the study indicated that 20.4% (196 samplers) of patients are smokers, but only 0.7% of the dentist are smokers. More than 95% of the dentists are well aware that they are the first healthcare workers, prior to general doctors, who can identify smoking problems and consequently provide prevention and advisory to smokers. This is due to the fact that most of patients only go to see doctors when they have serious health problems.The results showed that more than 90% of the dentists have positive attitudes toward smoking cessation campaign and willingly want to join the campaign in order to render contributions to the society, rather than getting compensations or rewards in return. Main activities (57.7%) that dentists have carried out were giving advices to patients along with related documents. It was found that the most popular media used were leaflets (87.3%) and stickers (78.9%), respectively.
4
Page : 234-244

Title : EIementary School Children's Ability to Distinguish the Cariogenic Diets

Author(s) : Pornpun Asvanit, Nidkamol Sricharoen, Supawadee Taewaboriruk

Keyword(s) : cariogenic diets,elementary school children

Manuscript Type : Original Article (บทวิทยาการ)

Page : 234-244

The objective of this study was to determine the capability of elementary school children in Bangkok to distinguish the cariogenic diets according to this research's criteria The school children grade 1-3, including 111 chlldren from public school and 98 children from private school, were enrolled in the study. The 21-question questionnaire consisted of 20 kinds of selected diets and question about how to eat snack properly. In this study the high and moderate caries risk diets were classified as cariogenic diets, the low caries risk diets were classified as non-cariogenic diets. The data were statistically analyzed for mean, standard deviation, then, compared among groups using Mann-Whitney U Test and Kruskal-Wallis H Test. It was found that the school children could classify 55.4 % of the diets correctly. No statistical differencevwas found among schools and classes (p > 0.5). More than 86.0 % of the samples did not recognize that banana, orange juice with sugars, and bread are cariogenic diets. On the contrary, more than 57.0 % of the children did not know that ice cream from milk products, dried fish, fried chicken and xylitol gum are low cariogenic risk diets. Moreover, only 61.7 % of the students know that they should have snacks after meal in order to reduce the caries risk.
5
Page : 245-254

Title : Unilateral Chewing Habit in a Group of Bangkok Students

Author(s) : Porntip Chiewcharat, Janya Yooyen, Parichat Cutchavaree

Keyword(s) : Bangkok students,questionnaires,related factors,unilateral chewing

Manuscript Type : Original Article (บทวิทยาการ)

Page : 245-254

The objective of this study was to assess the various factors associated wlth unilateral chewing habit. This basic information would be helpful for general practitioner to instruct the patients about the importance of chewing habit in natural equilibrium and to eliminate the primary etiologic factors of the unilateral chewing that could help develop a symmetric facial skeletal pattern ofthe growing children. Questionnaires were given to 597 Bangkok students (aged 7 to 16 years old) with similar patterns of oral health care and economic condition. One-hundred ninety-five of them reported that they have the unilateral chewing habit. The binary logistic regression analysis was used for determining the factors related to having the unilateral chewing habit. The unilateral chewing group reported having histories of large cavities, food impaction, and mandible trauma equal to 1.408 (p = .007), 1.424 (p= .011) and 1.475 (p= .035) times more than the bilateral chewing group, respectively. The oral examination showed that most of the unilateral chewing group had a class I malocclusion according to Angle's classification of the left and right permanent first molars and canines and some anterior maloccluslon that may cause or be effected by the unilateral chewing habit. Even though we found the most of the students had normal occluslon unilateral chewing habit should be avoided to allow normal development of occluslon during growth. ln conclusion, the unilateral chewing group repoeted having histories of large cavities, food impaction, and mandible trauma equal to 1.408 (p = .007), 1.424 (p= .011) and 1.475 (p= .035) times more than the bilateral chewing group, respectively.
6
Page : 255-262

Title : Oral Health Status of Male Prisoners in the Corrective Department at Pathumthani Province

Author(s) : Pallinee Detsomboonrat, Jureerat Tanongsaksakul

Keyword(s) : drug addict,oral health status,prisoners

Manuscript Type : Original Article (บทวิทยาการ)

Page : 255-262

Prisoners convicted of drug addiction in a penitentiary are considered to have psychological problems. Subsequently, their oral hygiene may have been ignored. In order to provide the fundadental information for academic purpose and to understand oral health status of this group. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to identify the prevalence of dental caries, periodontal status and treatment needs in the 400 selected male prisoners in penitentiary, Pathumthani. Their oral health were examined using the the criteria modified from the Oral Health Survey of WHO. It was found that in this sample, ranging from 20 to 66 years old (mean age 34.4±8.0), 95.0% had high prevalence of dental caries, 81.0% untreated caries, and the mean DMFT was 8.66±6.58. Moreover, there was a considerable percentage of calculus in the studied group which the average range was 38.6%. In addition, the periodontal status was considered as severe in all age group with a high bleeding mean of 2.12 sextants. Finally, filling and extraction were the utmost required treatment with a figure of 62.3% and 60.0%, respectively, as well as an urgently required prosthetic treatment of 75.8%.
7
Page : 263-271

Title : Dental Ceramics

Author(s) : Sukontip Arwatchanakan

Keyword(s) : ceramic,classification,selection,survival rate

Manuscript Type : Review Article (บทความปริทัศน์)

Page : 263-271

There are verities of ceramic material systems used in dentistry. The strength of dental ceramics have been continually developed to be used as a replacement of metal substructures in fixed prostheses. The purpose of this review article was to describe the development, the classification, and the survival rate of different types of dental ceramics and to help guide clinicians select appropriate dental ceramic materials.
1
Page : 145-156

Title : The Relationship between Periodontal Status and Cardiovascular Diseases in the Elderly Workers of Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand

Author(s) : Kajorn Kungsadalpipob, Pinkae Rachanee, Nualchavee Hongprasong, Suphot Tamsailom, Sanutm Suthibhisal, Kaesarin Rojanasomsith, Pitiporn Uisawang, Ornanong Vanichjakvong, Suwapa Prapakamol, Thirapat Premsirinirund, Orawan Ch

Keyword(s) : Cardiovascular diseases,Epidemiology,Periodontitis,Periodontal status

Manuscript Type : Original Article (บทวิทยาการ)

Page : 145-156

This epidemiological study investigated the relationship between cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and periodontal status in workers of the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT). The medical and dental surveys were conducted in 49-72 years old subjects (N=2,276), who participated in the Cardiovascular Risk Factor Identification Project of the Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University and the Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University. Data was collected by medical interviews, medical examinations and periodontal examinations. Partial recording protocols were performed in 2 randomly selected quadrants to evaluate the periodontal status by the percentage of dental plaque, probing depth and attachment level. The periodontal status was classified on the basis of the extent and severity of probing depth and attachment level. Diagnosis of CVD was done by cardiologist. The relationship between CVD and periodontal disease and the comparison of periodontal status between CVD and non-CVD groups were analyzed by Chi- square test and independent t-test. From 2005 subjects, 218 were diagnosed with CVD (10.9%). No difference in the prevalence of periodontitis was found between CVD (82.6%) and non-CVD groups (82.0%) (p < .05). Statistical analysis indicated that periodontal status was not significantly associated with CVD (p < .05). There was a trend of increasing odds ratio in subjects with mean probing depth (> 2.4 mm.), mean attachment loss (> 3.3 mm.) and high number of tooth loss (> 20 teeth). Clinical signs of periodontal disease were not associated with CVD. This study did not find the association between periodontitis and CVD in the elderly workers of EGAT. Further investigations are needed to clarify this relationship.This epidemiological study investigated the relationship between cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and periodontal status in workers of the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT). The medical and dental surveys were conducted in 49-72 years old subjects (N=2,276), who participated in the Cardiovascular Risk Factor Identification Project of the Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University and the Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University. Data was collected by medical interviews, medical examinations and periodontal examinations. Partial recording protocols were performed in 2 randomly selected quadrants to evaluate the periodontal status by the percentage of dental plaque, probing depth and attachment level. The periodontal status was classified on the basis of the extent and severity of probing depth and attachment level. Diagnosis of CVD was done by cardiologist. The relationship between CVD and periodontal disease and the comparison of periodontal status between CVD and non-CVD groups were analyzed by Chi- square test and independent t-test. From 2005 subjects, 218 were diagnosed with CVD (10.9%). No difference in the prevalence of periodontitis was found between CVD (82.6%) and non-CVD groups (82.0%) (p < .05). Statistical analysis indicated that periodontal status was not significantly associated with CVD (p < .05). There was a trend of increasing odds ratio in subjects with mean probing depth (> 2.4 mm.), mean attachment loss (> 3.3 mm.) and high number of tooth loss (> 20 teeth). Clinical signs of periodontal disease were not associated with CVD. This study did not find the association between periodontitis and CVD in the elderly workers of EGAT. Further investigations are needed to clarify this relationship.
2
Page : 157-166

Title : Prevalence of Periodontal Bacterial Pathogens in a Group of Thais

Author(s) : Kitti Torrungruang, Panwadee Bandhaya, Khanchit Likittanasombat

Keyword(s) : age,gender,periodontal disease,periodontal pathogens,prevalence

Manuscript Type : Original Article (บทวิทยาการ)

Page : 157-166

The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia, and their distribution within age and gender groups of the subjects. The study was performed in 453 workers, aged 39-59 years old, from the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand. Pooled subgingival plaque samples were collected from all teeth. The three targeted bacteria were identified using polymerase chain reaction analysis of 16S rRNA gene. The study revealed that 74.6% of the subjects were male and 26.4% were female. The average age was 47.6 years. The crude prevalences of A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis and T. forsythia were 19.0%, 70.9% and 77.5%, respectively. Age- and gender-standardized prevalences (using the Thai population in 2004 as a standard) were 16.6%, 67.1% and 77.4%, respectively. The prevalence was much lower than that observed in the previous study conducted in a rural population of Southern Thailand. The prevalence of P. gingivalis was significantly higher in male than in female in subjects aged 39-44 and 50-54 years old. Furthermore, the prevalence of this microorganism was increased significantly with age in male subjects. On the contrary, there was no significant difference in the prevalence of A. actinomycetemcomitans and T. forsythia among age and gender groups of the subjects. In conclusion, the three periodontal pathogens were detected in this studied group. The prevalence of A. actinomycetemcomitans was much less than the other two microorganisms. The prevalence of P. gingivalis was different among age and gender groups. More studies are needed to fully understand the role of these bacteria in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease in Thai population.
3
Page : 167-177

Title : Factors Related to the Number of Remaining Natural and Functional Teeth of People in Pak Panang District Nakorn Sri Thammarat Province

Author(s) : Nujaree Saowapa

Keyword(s) : oral health behavior,remaining natural teeth

Manuscript Type : Original Article (บทวิทยาการ)

Page : 167-177

The present study was conducted in order to determine factors influencing the number of remaining natural teeth and of functional teeth which included natural and prosthetic teeth. Data collection using questionnaire and oral examination were conducted in 189 patients aged 14-86 years who received dental treatment at the dental department, Pak Panang hospital, Nakorn Sri Thammarat between 2004-2005. Information on socio-demographic profile, attitude to oral health care, reasons for dental attendance and oral health behavior was collected prior to clinically examined by one dentist. Multiple regression analysis was used to identify the factors which contribute to remaining and functional teeth. This study demonstrated that mean number of remaining teeth had a statistically significant relationship with age, tooth brushing frequency and attitude to the quality of natural teeth. In addition to those factors, educational levels and employment status were also significantly associated with the number of functional teeth.
4
Page : 178-188

Title : In vitro Efficacy of Polident in Reducing Candida Biofilm on Surface of Acrylic Resin

Author(s) : Siripen Wanasaengsakul, Piti Khongkhawithun, Tapana Tienthong

Keyword(s) : Candida albicans,Candida biofilm,denture cleanser,denture stomatitis

Manuscript Type : Original Article (บทวิทยาการ)

Page : 178-188

Candida biofilm on the surface of denture is a major causative agent of denture stomatits. Several denture-cleaning methods, both mechanical and chemical, are used for the reduction of denture plaque and debris. However, it has been reported that mechanical cleaning methods are insufficient for a complete reduction of microorganisms on denture plates. Polident® is a commercial immersion type chemical solution generally employed in Thailand. Polident® is claimed as an efficient antibacterial agent. However, the antifungal effect against Candida albicans, known as an important microorganism related to denture stomatits, is not specified by the company. The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro cleaning efficacy of Polident® in the reduction of Candida albicans biofilm on the surface of acrylic resin, in relation to dosage and soaking time. Candida albicans was grown in Sabouraud dextrose broth for 24 hours. Candida albicans biofilm was established for 6 days on the surface of heat cured acrylic resin plate size 10x10X2 mm before the antifungal effect of Polident® was examined. Control group was Candida coated-acrylic resin treated with distilled water. Optical density (OD520) was used for the quantitative measurement of the number of Candida remaining on the plate after immersion with Polident® for variation of time and dosage. OD520from test groups were compared to those of control groups and calculated as the percentage of Candida reduction using ANOVA. It was found that Polident® could significantly reduce the number of Candida albicans on the surface of acrylic resin (p < .05). The effectiveness of Polident® was positively correlated to the dosage being used. However, the longer immersion time could not increase the percentage of Candida reduction. In conclusion, the efficacy of Polident® against Candida biofilm on acrylic resin was dose-dependent.
5
Page : 189-195

Title : Efficacy of Artificial Saliva made from Aloevera with Xylitol and Fluoride and Drinking Water in Prevention of Gingivitis and Xerostomia in Head and Neck Cancer Patients Undergoing Radiation and Chemotherapy

Author(s) : Nawakamon Suriyan, Tanadej Sinthusake, Nuchalinda Eiambutlop, Wanna Chaiaroon, Sumit Mettrai, Pajjai Neaungkota

Keyword(s) : aloevera,artificial saliva,dental caries,xerostomia

Manuscript Type : Original Article (บทวิทยาการ)

Page : 189-195

The objective of this experimental research was to explore the effectiveness of the artificial saliva made from Aloevera with Xylitol and Fluoride in preventing gingivitis and xerostomia, in patients with head and neck cancer whose has been treated with radiotherapy, and combined radiotherapy with chemotherapy in Mahawajiralongkorn Cancer Center from January 2006 to June 2007. Total sample size was 57 participant patients. In the treatment group, 26 cases received artificial saliva made from Aloevera with Xylitol and Fluoride. In the control, group 31 cases received drinking water. ANCOVA was used for data analysis at an alpha-level of .05. The results showed that problems of low quantity of saliva and loss of taste in the treatment group were significantly lower than in the control group (p = .023 and p = .043, respectively). For swallowing efficacy and mucositis, there were no statistically difference between the two groups. (p = .164 and p = .363, respectively). The pathogens mostly found in the treatment group were Klebsiella pneumoniae (61.5%), Viridans streptococci (23.1%) and Pseudomonas aeroginosa (30.8%) but, in the control group, those pathogens were 46.1%, 38.5% and 15.4% respectively. In conclusion, the artificial saliva made from alovera with xylitol and fluoride could effectively reduce problems of low quantity of saliva, tasting capacity, and amounts of bacteria in patients with head and neck cancer undergoing radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
6
Page : 196-203

Title : Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Dentine Bonding Agents: Agar Overlay Technique

Author(s) : Suwanna Korsuwannawong, Ratchaporn Srichan, La-ongthong Vajrabhaya

Keyword(s) : agar overlay,cytotoxicity,dentine bonding agents

Manuscript Type : Original Article (บทวิทยาการ)

Page : 196-203

The purpose of this study was to compare the cytotoxicity of three dentine bonding agents, one-step (G-BondTM and ClearfilTM S3 Bond) and two-step (ClearfilTM SE Bond X), by agar overlay test. The number of 3x105 cells/ml of L929 in 10%D-MEM was seeded in 90 mm petri dish and incubated in 37 οC 5% CO2. After 24 hours, the monolayer cells reached confluency. Then, 3% of nutrient agar was poured on the monolayer cells in the petri dish and stained with 0.01% neutral red dye. Two microliter of each test material was dropped on the cellulose nitrate filter diameter 5 mm. and placed on the nutrient agar. For each test group, three samples along with one sample of the control group were tested. The same procedure was repeated 4 times. The cytotoxicity was graded according to the criteria of ISO 7405 after 24 hours of incubation period. It showed that the diffusions of ClearfilTM S3 Bond and G-BondTM were in the same rate but ClearfilTM SE Bond X had a higher diffusion rate than the former two dentine bonding agents. Furthermore, there was no difference among three materials on the cellular lysis (p > .05). In conclusion, there is no difference among three bonding agents based on the cytotoxicity. However this technique is the primary screening for toxicity of biomaterials. Further cytotoxic investigation of material that contacts dentine in clinical practice by using Dentine Barrier Test is recommended.
1
Page : 67-76

Title : Effectiveness of K3 Rotary Files for Removal of Gutta-percha Root Canal Filling

Author(s) : Pattama Chailertvanitkul, Supaporn Chatrchaiwiwatana, Yokporn Nampuksa

Keyword(s) : K3,Removal of gutta-percha

Manuscript Type : Original Article (บทวิทยาการ)

Page : 67-76

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of K3 rotary files for removal of gutta-percha root canal filling compared with K-flex stainless steel files. Ninety extracted single-rooted teeth were instrumented using step-back technique and obturated using lateral condensation technique with gutta-percha and MU sealer. These teeth were randomly distributed into 3 groups of 30 each. Group 1: the gutta-percha was removed using K-flex file with eucalyptus oil. Group 2: the gutta-percha was removed using K3 rotary file. Group 3: the gutta-percha was removed using K3 rotary file with eucalyptus oil. The time for gutta-percha removal and fractured instruments were recorded. The teeth were then cut horizontally into 3 sections. Each section was split longitudinally into halves and photographed by a digital camera. The remaining of gutta-percha on the canal walls was traced and calculated using software KS 400. The results showed that there was no statistically significant difference (p = .516) in the cleanliness among the 3 groups. When compare the cleanliness of the canal walls in each level: the coronal level has significantly less remaining gutta-percha than the middle level (p = .001) and the apical level (p < .001). The middle level has significantly less remaining gutta-percha than the apical level (p < .001). There was a statistically significant difference in the time for gutta-percha removal (p < .001) among the 3 groups. Group 1 required significantly longer time (12.31±1.11 minutes) than group 2 (7.30±0.97 minutes) and group 3 (6.65± 0.89 minutes) (p < .001) and group 2 required significantly longer time than group 3 (p = .036). There was no fractured instrument in this study.
2
Page : 77-84

Title : Dental Caries Status and Behaviors of Sukorn Island Children, Thailand

Author(s) : Samerchit Pithpornchaiyakul, Wattana Pithpornchaiyakul, Sukanya Tianwiwat, Nongnuch Arkasuwan, Walee Chukhadee

Keyword(s) : behavior,children,dental caries,island

Manuscript Type : Original Article (บทวิทยาการ)

Page : 77-84

This study aimed to assess the dental caries status and behaviors of children in an isolated island with limited transportation to main land in Palian district, Trang Province in the southern part of Thailand. A total number of 131 children, stratified into 3 age groups: 2-4, 5-9 and 10-14 years, were randomly selected. All subjects were examined by trained dentists using WHO criteria. Data on oral health behaviors including knowledge, attitude and practice were collected by an interviewed questionnaire. The interview of 2-to 4-year-old group was done among their care The results showed that children in Sukorn island had high caries prevalence as 93.7, 100 and 85.9% respectively. In addition, the mean caries experienced (decayed, missing and filled teeth) of Sukorn island children were 8.78±5.03, 8.00±3.71 and 3.11±2.07 teeth per person, respectively which were significantly (p ≤ .003) higher than the data from Thailand National Oral Health Survey (2000-2001). More than 70% of child caretakers of 2-4 years old children believed that caries in primary dentition was normal and 84.4% thought that even any effort they had put into prevention of tooth decayed, their child would eventually had tooth decay. Only 17.2% of 10-14 years old group knew correctly how to prevent dental caries, while no one in 5-9 years old group knew about this issue. For appropriate food selection, only 8.6% of 5-9 years old group and 9.4% of 10-14 years old group could answer correctly. Oral health problem of children in Sukorn island is important and should be concerned. The children had high prevalence and severity of dental caries, that might be due to lack of oral health care knowledge, negative attitudes towards oral health care of child caretaker, and having few access to oral health services.
3
Page : 85-92

Title : The Effect of Pre-operative Instruction on Anxiety Reduction in the Patient undergoing Tooth Extraction

Author(s) : Laddawan Sununliganon, Sangkom Pratomnam, Keattikun Chartkraibancha

Keyword(s) : Dental anxiety, dental extraction and anxiety, pre-operative instruction

Manuscript Type : Original Article (บทวิทยาการ)

Page : 85-92

Dental extraction likely leads to anxiety in patients. The study aimed to evaluate the anxiety reduction effect between standard and annotated pre-operative instructions of dental extraction. Seventy-one patients who had simple tooth extraction at Thammasat Chalermprakiet Hospital were included in this study. Participants were stratified by sex and randomly assigned into either standard or annotated pre-operative instructions groups. Participants in the standard instructions group received instructions regarding indication for tooth extraction, local anesthetic application and post-operative care. Participants in the annotated instructions group received as above instructions plus operative procedure, healing process, possible complication and prevention. The Modified Dental Anxiety Score of Humphris was used to measure pre- and post-operative anxiety level. Post-operative pain was recorded via numeric rating scale. Statistical analyses were performed by using SPSS program version 12. The participants in the standard instructions group were 15 males, and 22 females, in annotated instructions group were 12 males and 22 females. Both groups were comparable (Chi-square test, p > .05). In the annotated instructions group, the mean anxiety score significantly decreased from 10.85 to 9.18 (p <.05), whereas it showed no significant difference in the standard instructions group. Post-operative anxiety and post-operative pain showed no significant difference in both groups. Moreover, postoperative anxiety and pain illustrated moderately correlated at 0.504 (p < .01) in standard instructions group, and correlated at 0.346 (p < .05) in annotated instructions group. The present study suggested that providing annotated instructions may be beneficial and result in less anxiety and pain for patients in dental extraction procedure.
4
Page : 93-102

Title : The Effect of Closed Fitting Mouth Guard with Fluoride Gel on Surface Hardness of Enamel after Soaking in Chlorinated Water

Author(s) : Panupen Sitthisomwong, Sunee Pongrojpao, Chantana Tulapornchai, Parichart Meanmonchai, Parichart Meanmonchai, Warangkana Tantangchareonchai

Keyword(s) : dental erosion,enamel microhardness,erosion,fluoride gel,mouth guard

Manuscript Type : Original Article (บทวิทยาการ)

Page : 93-102

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of closed fitting mouth guard with fluoride gel (1.1% NaF gel) or fluoride toothpaste (0.11% NaF) on surface hardness of enamel after soaking in chlorinated water at pH 3.4 for 2 hours. Fifty two human premolars extracted for orthodontic reasons were divided into 5 groups (13 specimens in each group): enamel slabs without mouth guard (control group; C), enamel slabs with mouth guard only (experimental group 1; E1), enamel slabs with mouth guard and fluoride gel (experimental group 2; E2), enamel slabs with mouth guard and fluoride toothpaste (experimental group 3; E3) and enamel slabs with mouth guard and Vaseline (experimental group 4; E4). Before and after soaking in chlorinated water, ten specimens of each group were measured for enamel microhardness and 3 specimens of each group were prepared to examine the enamel appearance using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that enamel microhardness decreased in all specimens significantly (p < .05) except E2. Group C had the highest means of difference Vickers microhardness number (VHN) before and after soaking in chlorinated water. (147.75±11.25) E1, E4, E3 and E2 had lower means of difference in VHN. The lowest one was E2 (10.36±6.74). There were significant differences between groups (p < .05) except between E3 and E4. After soaking in Chlorinated water, SEM revealed honeycomb-liked etched patterns on enamel surface only in group C. This study indicated that enamel which exposed to strong acidic water had decreased surface hardness and had changes in enamel surface significantly. Using mouth guard either with or without other agents could maintain enamel surface hardness and enamel appearance better than not using mouth guard. Using mouth guard with fluoride gel provides the most effective result.
5
Page : 103-116

Title : Penicillin V Potassium in Clinical Practice: an update

Author(s) : Chalermphon Sriamorn

Keyword(s) : dental infections,Pen-VK,pharyngitis

Manuscript Type : Review Article (บทความปริทัศน์)

Page : 103-116

Pharyngitis and dental infections are among the commonest indications for out-patient penicillin V potassium (Pen-VK) uses worldwide. Overuse of alternative antibiotics in Thailand, such as aminopenicillins, macrolides and cephalosporins has contributed to the spread of antimicrobial resistance, and would result in significant economic loss to the nation at large. A critical step in reducing the problem will be likely by giving careful diagnosis and using the drug of first choice by physicians and other paramedical personnels who take patient factors into consideration, which would enhance compliance of those patients. Important facts about group A betahemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis treatment as well as dental infections that needed judicious uses of the drug, the evidence supporting such uses and some discussions of the less frequent dosing of the drug and a number of other antibiotics needed before and after dental treatment of the conditions together with its use in acute rheumatic fever prevention are presented.
6
Page : 117-125

Title : Dental Management for Cerebral Palsy Child-Patient with Schizencephaly: Case Report

Author(s) : Pornpun Asvanit, Wilaipan Dechapimukkul

Keyword(s) : cerebral palsy,dental management,macrocephaly,schizencephaly

Manuscript Type : Original Article (บทวิทยาการ)

Page : 117-125

Thai child, aged 3 years 5 months, being diagnosed as cerebral palsy with spastic quadriplegia, schizencephaly, macrocephaly and lazy right eye was referred from Chulalongkorn Hospital for the comprehensive dental treatment. The child had the medical history of taking muscle relaxant, Sirdalud, regularly. According to the child’s lack of cooperation, the oral rehabilitation of his 10 carious teeth was performed under the general anesthesia. From the medical consultation, Sirdalud should be refrained 3 days before the operation and respiratory system should be closely monitored after the operation. Dental management for a child with cerebral palsy consisted of operative and preventive measures. For a better quality of life for children with cerebral palsy, parents and caregivers should take the major responsibility for the promotion of their children’s health and oral health by means of tooth cleansing and preparation of healthy food. In addition, dentists should advise the parents to bring their children to receive stimulation on cognitive skills, physical therapy and speech therapy.
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Page : 126-135

Title : Oral Rehabilitation of an Edentulous Patient with Lower Implant Retained Overdenture: a Case Report

Author(s) : Warunee Chatpaitoon

Keyword(s) : implant,overdenture

Manuscript Type : Original Article (บทวิทยาการ)

Page : 126-135

Some edentulous patients who had an experience of wearing complete dentures might not be satisfied with their efficiency due to problems of easily dislodgement of the lower one caused by poor retention and instability. Further, some might have pain during mastication resulting in poor masticatory ability. If dentists understand these problems and can improve the retention and stability of the lower complete dentures, these patients will be able to use their complete dentures more efficiently. The purpose of this article was to provide an alternative treatment in fabricating of the complete dentures to general dentists. This case report demonstrated the utilization of dental implants in a mandible to be the abutments for the lower overdenture. Two dental implants with an abutment connection were placed in anterior portions of the mandible to stabilize the lower denture. The patient was more satisfied with the dentures because of the improvement of mastication, pain reduction and was more confident in talking and social life.
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Page : 136-143

Title : Mesio-buccal Root Amputation in Obliterated a Maxillary First Molar: a Case-Report

Author(s) : Supranee Eamrucksa

Keyword(s) : amputation,endodontic surgery

Manuscript Type : Original Article (บทวิทยาการ)

Page : 136-143

Root amputation after root canal treatment is an attempt to get rid of pathogenic granulation and infected tissue, necessary for drainage of the root canal apex, reducing pain and persistant post operative discomfort due failure of conventional endodontic therapy. Treatment with root amputation will recover and restored tooth to its normal function. This study reported a case of a 36 years old Thai male patient came with a sinus opening at buccal gingiva of the upper right first molar for 1 year with history of root canal treatment and crown since 2005. Radiograph revealed the diverted root and loss of root canal filling in the mesio-buccal root canal. A further root canal retreatment was performed using the crown-down technique, but it was not possible to mechanically enlarge the mesio-buccal root canal because it was obliterated because of an instrument was separated at the middle third of mesio-buccal root canal. Other canals were filled with a lateral condensation technique. The mesio-buccal root was carefully amputated without damaging marginal bone and crown to allow the patient to use the old crown. After 1 year followed up, the lesion was improved, sinus opening disappeared. The tooth could be normally functioned and there was no recurrence of sinus opening.
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Page : 1-8

Title : Situation Regarding the Use of Fluoride Varnish by Dental Personnel in Regional Public Dental Services

Author(s) : Jiraporn Taeweerapichai

Keyword(s) : caries prevention,dental personnel,fluoride varnish

Manuscript Type : Original Article (บทวิทยาการ)

Page : 1-8

The objective of this descriptive survey was to determine the situation regarding the use of fluoride varnish by dental personnel in regional level, types of fluoride varnish, usage problems, and suggestions and opinions needed to promote effective use of fluoride varnish in the future. The survey was conducted between July-September 2006. Questionnaires were mailed to 900 dental personnel in community hospitals, general hospitals, regional hospitals, Somdejprayupraraj hospitals, and provincial health offices of the Ministry of Public Health all over Thailand. Five hundred and sixteen dental personnel returned the questionaires giving a response rate of 57.3%. The majority (86.8%) of the respondents worked in community hospitals. Seventy-nine percent of them were dentists and 20.3% were dental nurses. Sixty-two percent of the respondents have used fluoride varnish. Nowadays, fluoride varnish is used in 51.5% of public dental services. It was reported to use for prevention of tooth sensitivity (36%), for caries prevention in well baby clinic (28.3%), in child development centers (18%) and home visit (5.4%). The most used fluoride varnishes were Duraphat (75%), Bifluorid 12 (16.7%) and Fluor Protector (5.0%) respectively. The reasons that public dental services did not use fluoride varnish in preventive work included no action plan, no budget, or provision. The most common problems for dental personnel who had been using fluoride varnish were lack of cooperation of the children, saliva contamination in posterior teeth during application, uncontrollable food consumption after application, bad taste, and unconcerned parents. It was found that 62.8% of public health personnel trained by dental personnel with experience in using the varnish could apply fluoride varnish in well baby clinic in community hospitals. Most of the dental personnel (78.6%) agreed with using fluoride varnish by public health personnel who have closer contact with 0-3 year-old children in the community, because its application is easy and it does not require dental equipment. Fluoride varnish should be considered to be used as a caries prevention method in preschoolers in community-based services.
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Page : 9-17

Title : Biofilms in Dental Unit Waterlines

Author(s) : Ruchanee Ampornaramveth

Keyword(s) : Biofilms,decontaminution,dental unit,waterlines

Manuscript Type : Review Article (บทความปริทัศน์)

Page : 9-17

Biofilms are community of microorganisms that naturally occur in aquatic environments including dental unit waterlines (DUWL). Biofilms in DUWL harbor microorganisms that can eventually be transmitted to patients and dental health care workers. Although microorganisms found in DUWL’s biofilms are mostly weakly pathogenic, some of them can cause opportunistic infection in immunocompromised patients. There have been efforts to standardize the quality of water from DUWL in several countries. Usually they are based on drinking water standard by which degree of bacterial contamination of less than 200 CFU/ml is considered suitable for human consumption. Many methods for decontaminating DUWL have been proposed. Unfortunately, no currently available single approach can effectively eliminate biofilms. Therefore, it would be necessary to employ combination of methods; for example using anti-retraction valve to prevent retrograde aspiration of oral fluids, flushing of DUWL at the start of each clinic day and between each patient, drying DUWL at night and on weekend, using filter or independent water reservoir filled with sterile water, and the use of chemical disinfectants. Future developments in DUWL technology that prevent biofilms development or DUWL decontamination system which can be integrated into the dental unit are eagerly awaited.
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Page : 18-25

Title : Zirconia Ceramics: The Alternative Choice of Dental Ceramics for Posterior Fixed Partial Dentures

Author(s) : Boonlert Kukiattrakoon, Peerapong Junpoom, Chanothai Hengtrakool

Keyword(s) : all ceramic,posterior fixed partial dentures,zirconia

Manuscript Type : Review Article (บทความปริทัศน์)

Page : 18-25

The objective of this article was to explain the quality of zirconia ceramics and their benefits in dentistry. It has better mechanical properties as compared to other ceramic materials when used for all-ceramic posterior fixed partial dentures. The microstructures of zirconia ceramics in tetragonal phase can transform to monoclinic phase as temperature and stress changes. The effect of phase transformation or transformation toughening mechanisms enhances mechanical properties of zirconia ceramics which is suitable for clinical application in posterior fixed partial dentures. In addition, this article review the degradation of zirconia ceramics when exposed to water or other solutions for precaution in selecting zirconia ceramics for clinical uses.
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Page : 26-38

Title : Cone Beam Computed Tomography in Dentistry

Author(s) : Preeyaporn Srimawong

Keyword(s) : cone beam,cone beam computed tomography,diagnostic imaging

Manuscript Type : Review Article (บทความปริทัศน์)

Page : 26-38

Cone beam computed tomography is an extraoral radiography. The cone beam computed tomography radiograph demonstrates the relationship of interested tissue in all three planes and can be reformatted image in three dimensions, which could not be done by other conventional radiographs. This imaging modality is very useful in many dental diagnoses and treatment plannings, for example, dental implant, oral surgery and diagnosis of pathology of the temporomandibular joint and the jaw bone. A cone beam computed tomography machine has been developed by many companies. Each machine has a different specification, but all can be controlled by computer system. Using this system, the image acquisition is done in a short time. However, cone beam computed tomography has the limitation of soft tissue lesion scanning and it produces a relatively high radiation dose to the patient as compared to a conventional radiograph. Therefore, appropriate selection of the patient for using cone beam computed tomography for each patient should be considered.
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Page : 39-55

Title : Consent to the Medical Treatment: Legal Effects of the Dentist’s Liability for Wrongful Act and Criminal Liability

Author(s) : Decha Thamtadawiwat

Keyword(s) : adversely unexpected result,fully awared of,negligence,patient’s consent,prior written consent,scope of consent

Manuscript Type : Review Article (บทความปริทัศน์)

Page : 39-55

Patient’s consent renders the medical treatment shall not be deemed wrongful act so long as the treatment thereof is within the scope of consent granted, whereby the patient fully awared of the likely results arising therefrom, subject to the fact that the dentist has done so under the normal cause of treatment and without any negligence. In this respect, if and adversely unexpected result occurs, the dentist shall have no liability. If damage is a result of negligence, the dentist shall assume liability and any criminal liability concerned. Prior written consent signed by the patient in order to exonerate the dentist from any damage caused by its negligence shall be deemed null and void, and is prohibited.
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Page : 56-65

Title : English-Language Abstracts in Thai Dental Journals

Author(s) : Pavisuth Kanjantra, Michael Barraclough

Keyword(s) : English abstract,indicative or descriptive abstract,informative abstract,nonstructured abstract,structured abstract

Manuscript Type : Original Article (บทวิทยาการ)

Page : 56-65

The promotion of internationally-focused Thai academic research and the consequent need to publish abstracts in English presents Thai academics with a number of languagerelated obstacles. The aims of this study were to investigate the format and type of English abstracts in Thai dental journals and the type and frequency of language and content errors which they contain. Forty-eight original research article abstracts were categorized according to format (structured or non-structured) and type (indicative or informative). Language errors, such as incorrect word choice and preposition mistakes, and information deficiencies, such as discrepancies between the main article and its abstract, were also identified by a native English-speaking linguistics professional. All abstracts were found to be the informative type but most were in non-structured format. Language errors were found in all 48 articles and content errors in 46 of them. The most frequent and widespread language problem was incorrect word use, while the most common content errors concerned unclear or incorrect information. Many errors were also found with article and preposition use. It is recommended that authors expand their knowledge of commonly-used academic English vocabulary, and check their writing carefully for factual and linguistic mistakes. The more complicated areas of article and preposition use perhaps require the attention of a native-English speaker.