The objectives of this study were to assess experiences and opinions of orthodontists on referral and basic orthodontic treatments by non-orthodontic dentists and the associatedfactors. The self-administration questionnaires were sent twice to all 324 orthodontists being in the membership list of the Thai Association of Orthodontists. Descriptive and chi-squarestatistics were used to analyze the data. The results showed that a total of 152 questionnaires were returned (46.9% response rate). Proportion of sex and region of working place of the respondents were comparable to Thai orthodontists, Almost all samples (95.4%) had experiences of seeing referred orthodontic patients from non-orthodontic dentists. Most ofthem (83.4%) faced some problems with referral, including referrals without any documents(82.6%) or having documents with incomplete data (66.1%). All respondents thought that documents should be sent to them together with the referral. About 65% of the respondents agreed to let non-orthodontic dentists perform basic orthodontic treatments. The respondents who disagreed (21%) reasoned that no current guidelines for case selection for basicorthodontic treatments (81.30/0) and non-orthodontic dentists might not have enough knowledge (46.9%). The types of basic orthodontic treatment that most respondents suggestedwere all treatment in preventive orthodontics and some treatments in interceptive orthodontic treatment, including removable or fixed orthodontic appliances in mixed dentition for anterior crossbite correction, and abnormal oral habits. Most studied factors (duration of orthodontic practice, characteristic of orthodontic practice at present, and treatment setting at present of respondent orthodontists) were not significantly related to respondents' opinions about letting non-orthodontic dentists perform basic orthodontic treatments (p >.05). ln conclusion, most orthodontists in this study agreed that documentation should be sent along with the referral. ln addition, they thought that some basic orthodontic treatments should be done by non-orthodontic dentists. However, insufficient knowledge of non-orthodontic dentists was themain concern for not letting non-orthodontic dentists perform basic orthodontic treatments.Therefore the undergraduate curriculum relating to orthodontic treatments should be revised . Also additional orthodontic training courses for non-orthodontic dentists on basic orthodontic treatments should be organized.

The purpose of this study was to compare 3 chewing efficiency evaluation methods and determine if there was any correlation between their results when testing under the same group of subjects. The test items used in the 3 methods were red /green wax cubes (system 1) chewing gum (system 2) and red/white wax cubes (system 3). Seventeen subjects wearing lower unilateral distal extension removable dental prostheses (RDP) (4 males and 13 females, mean age (56.59±10.79 years) participated in this study.The subjects were asked to chew the test items in system 1 to system 3 for 10, 25 and 10 strokes respectively in the same visit in the order of systems 1 ,2 and 3. Subjects were asked to chew the test items on each side (left and right) with and without their lower prostheses. The chewing efficiency obtained from system 1 2 and 3 were mixing ability index (MAI) mean a*(the value of green-magenta axis) and percentage of chewing ability, respectively. Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference (p<.05) in chewing efficiency between chewing with and without prosthesis with all three chewing efficiency test systems. Pearson's correlation coefficients between systems showed the three systems were significantly related to each other (p<.05). Also, this study revealed that any of the three chewing efficiency systems could be alternatively used depending on the circumstances or the economic base of investigating group. Our results suggested that the two-colored (red/white) wax cube system was the one option for evaluating the chewing ability.

The miniscrew implant has become an alternative mechanism for providing maximum anchorage in orthodontics. Recently, a wide variety of miniscrew implants with several sizes and designs have been developed for clinical use. However, changes in the geometry of miniscrews may influence the biomechanical properties of both the miniscrew implant and surrounding bone. Therefore. the purpose of this study was toevaluate the influence ofthe miniscrew implant diameters. lengths and loading forces on the stress distribution in bones and miniscrew implants using finite element method. Twenty-five models featuring miniscrew implants of various sizes (1.0, 1.2 ,1.4 ,1.6 and 1.8 mm. in diameter and 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, 10.0 and 12.0 mm. in length) and surrounding bone were created and loaded with 50 to 400 g forces perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the miniscrew implants in order to investigate resultant stress distribution. The results showed that stresses were concentrated mainly around the cervical portion of the body of the miniscrews. ln the surrounding bone, stresses were concentrated in the upper part of the cortical bone on the same side as the force vector; whereas stress concentration in cancellous bone was not detected. Increasing the diameter of the miniscrew implant resulted in a 1inear decrease in stress values in both the screw and bone models. lncreases in length of miniscrew implant models showed slightly increased stress values in miniscrew and cortical bone models, but slightly decreased stress values in cancellous bone models. lncremental increases in loading forces from 5o to 400 g resulted in increasing stress values in all models, especially miniscrew implants with diameters of 1.0 and 1.2 mm. Moreover miniscrew implants with diameters of 1.6 and 1.8 mm. showed lower stress values in all models. However loading forces of 50 to 400 g did not result in excessive stress in either miniscrew implant or bone models. Biomechanically, recommended sizes of miniscrew implants should be 1.6 to 1.8 mm. in diameter and more than 4.0 mm. in length. Loading forces of 50 to 400g were safe in all models .

The aim of this study was to compare the difference of root canal length in 40 root canals of primary molars measuring by calculating from periapical radiograph versus electronic apex locator. In calculating from periapical radiographic method, the file which the diameter fits to the root canal was inserted into the root canal. Crown surface which contacts the stopper was cut perpendicular to the axis of the file and was used as reference point, then took the radiograph. The root canal length was calculated from the periapical radiograph. In electronic apex locator method, the new file but the same size was inserted into the same root canal. The stopper was placed at the same reference point on the crown. The root length was measured when the electronic apex locator reads at “APEX” and then minus 1 mm. This value was used as the root canal length from the electronic apex locator. The root canal lengths measured by both methods were compared and statistically analyzed by paired t-test. The results showed statistically significant difference in root canal lengths from the two methods (p < .05). The root canal lengths calculating from periapical radiographs were always more than those from the electronic apex locator. The mean of the differences between these two methods was 1.27±0.86 mm.

One aim of dental treatment is to restore the oral tissues and teeth back to normal function. This allows patients to be able to eat and to intake the necessary nutrients, leading to a better quality of life. As people approach old age, many changes occur in their oral health status, dental hygiene behaviors, nutritional status, and satisfactory status to the daily life. Finding the relationship of those factors will be useful for oral health promotion and dental treatment guidelines for the elderly. This study comprised 100 functionally independent elderly patients who visited for dental treatment at the Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University during April-June 2010. The subjects were examined for their oral health condition. Self-assessed masticatory ability was used to analyze masticatory ability. Thai Mini Nutritional Assessment Form was used to analyze nutritional status. The Face Pain Scale was adapted to analyze the satisfactory status to the daily life. The subjects’ age ranged between 60-89 years with an average age of 69.7 years. Most subjects had no smoking and alcohol drinking habits. Seventy-six percent of the subjects had chronic medical problems. For this group the most common chronic disease were hypertension (60.5%), diabetes mellitus (25.0%) and high cholesterol level (23.7%), respectively. Regarding oral health, the average number of remaining teeth was 10.4 for each person. Thirty-five percent were totally edentulous patients and 60.0% were partially edentulous patients. The average degree of deepest probing depth in the elderly who had remaining natural teeth was 4.5 millimeters. Ninety-four percent of the subjects had normative need of prosthodontic treatment, for this group 72.3% were wearing removable denture. From the subjects who had removable denture, 57.3% had good denture hygiene and 22.1% had denture stomatitis. For all of the subjects, 24.0% had subjective symptoms of xerostomia. Forty-seven percent of the subjects evaluated themselves as having fair chewing ability and 54.0% had normal nutritional status. This study found self-assessed masticatory ability was statistically significantly related to nutritional status. In assaying the degree of satisfaction with their daily life, 40.0% reported they were of marginally satisfied. The satisfactory status to the daily life was statistically significant related to nutritional status. This study revealed problems in the general health, oral health, nutritional status, and satisfaction with the daily life of the independent elderly. Data from this study could be the data base for oral health promotion and dental treatment guidelines in elderly patients.

At present, light curing units in dentistry have been developed to achieve excellent properties and are useful for multitasks, especially in restorative dentistry. The optimal light curing unit should polymerize restorative materials completely within the proper time, no heat release, and won’t change the properties of the restorative materials. It should also be durable, quiet, portable, easy to use, has different modes of light curing techniques and sold at a reasonable price. The objectives of this article are to collect information about the light curing unit including its history and development, types, the mechanism of polymerization, properties, maintenance and trends in dentistry regarding proper use of a light curing unit in the clinic.

This review’s objective was to present the data about using Andrographis paniculata to prevent influenza and the toxicity of Andrographis paniculata. Pubmed and websites were searched.In conclusion the information in this article may be useful for preventing influenza A (H1N1) which is during the outbreak.

Internal Root Resoption Two case reports of carious exposed pulp in primary molars were treated with three mixed antibiotics in non-instrumental endodontic treatment. The clinical success shown that pain, gingival swelling or fistula of these teeth disappeared and all of these teeth functioned normally, but radiographic characteristics found that some internal root resorption was seen at 6 months and was markedly increased by 12 months re-evaluation. This article discusses about causes of internal root resorption after this technique and advices an alternative treatment to prevent the internal root resorption.

The objective of this study was to investigate a morphological pattern and inter-suture tissue changes of the expanded interfrontal suture of rabbits by using a custom- made distraction device combined with orthodontic microimplants as a bony anchorage Eighteen 30-day old New zealand white rabbits were divided into 4 experiment groups (A,B,C,D), 4 rabbits per group, and 2 rabbits leftover for the sham group. The interfrontal suture was expanded by using a modified distraction device combined with 2 orthodontic microimplants as a bony anchorage on both sides of the suture and activated 0.4 mm per time, twice daily for 7 consecutive days. The rabbits were sacrificed at 1o days, for group A, 2 weeks for group B, 4 weeks for group C and 8weeks after completing activation for group D and the sham group. The cranial vault including the distraction interfrontal suture was removed en bloc. The results showed that regenerated tissue in the distraction gap had changed from a yellowish-red color and a soft fibrous-1ike structure in group A, to a bony hard consistency tissue as in the sham group in group D. The radiopacity of the expanded gap increased gradually in group A and was almost the same level as the sham group in grouP D. ln addition' the histological finding of the re-established interfrontal suture structures in Group D was quite similar to that found in the sham group. ln conclusion, the custom-made distraction device. using orthodontic micro-implants as a bony anchorage could be successfully used for interfrontal suture expanslon without an osteotomy in rabbits, and no any complications were found. The clinical application should be the next step to be studied and evaluated.

The objective of this study was to compare the effect of 100 % sodium ascorbate at different irrigation times on the microtensile bond strength of a two-step, total-etching adhesive to sodium hypochlorite-treated dentine. The roof of the pulp chamber and pulpal tissue of 49 extracted human mandibular third molars were removed. The teeth were randomly divided into 7 groups of 7 teeth each. The pulp chamber dentine was irrigated with distilled water (control), 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCI) or 5.25% NaOCI followed by 10 % sodium ascorbate for 30 s, 1, 3, 5 and 10 min. The irrigated dentine was blot dried, bonded with a two-step, total-etching adhesive (Adper Single Bond II) and restored with a hybrid resin composite (Filtek Z250). After storage for 24 h in 37C° water, specimens were prepared and tested for microtensile bond strength using a universal testing machine at the crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. The data were analyzed using one- way ANOVA and LSD test at p<.05. Failure modes and the morphology of the treated surfaces were observed under scanning electron microscope. The bond strength of NaOCl-treated group was significantly lower than the other groups. The 10-min irrigation of sodium ascorbate produced a higher bond strength than the other irrigation times. However, irrigation with 10% sodium ascorbate on NaOCI-treated dentine for a duration less than 10 min prior to the application of a two-step, total-etching adhesive reversed the bond strength to a normal level. No morphological differences were found among the dentine surfaces treated with NaOCI followed by the dlfferent irrigation times of sodium ascorbate.

The objective of this study is to compare the ability to maintain canal curvature and the incidences of other procedural errors (loss of working length due to ledge, loss of apical stop)after root canal instrumentation using hand stainless steel (Flex-O-file^®) and nickel-titanium rotary file (ProFile^®) performed by inexperienced 4th year dental students. Samples consisted of 180 mandibular molars with moderate to severe curvature. Mesiobuccal roots were prepared using ProFile^® with modified crown down technique whilst mesiolingual using Flex-O-file^®with modified stepback technique. After instrumentation, both groups were root filled. The radiographic pre-operative and post-operative canal angulations were evaluated using computer program. Other procedural errors were also evaluated from radiographic images. The mean differences in canal angulations, mean percent difference of canal angulations and incidences of procedural errors between two groups were compared using lndependent T-test and Chi-Ssquare test, respectively, at 95% confldence interval. The mean difference in angulations was significantly lower by using ProFile^® (8.14º± 2.94 degree) than FIex-O-file^® (11.22º± 4.75 degree) (p <.05). The mean percent differences of canal angulations were significantly lower by using ProFile ^® (37.03± 14.69%) than FIex-O-file^® (46.39±13.83%) (p< .05). Procedural errors from ProFile^® technique were significantly less than hand stainless steel FIex-O-file^® (p<.05). Root canal preparation using nickel-titanium rotary file (ProFile^® )technique demonstrated better maintenance of canal curvature and less procedural errors than hand stainless steel (FIex-O-file^® ) technique although performed by inexperienced dental students.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of surface treatments on shear bond strength between fiber posts and resin composites. Sixteen FRC Postec^® Plus posts were divided into 4 groups according to the post surface treatment: Group l no surface treatment (control); Group 2 applying a silane coupling agent; Group 3 etching with 37% phosphoric acid, rinsing and silane application; Group 4 sandblasting, cleaning and silane application. The posts were coated with the light cure adhesive resin. The treated posts were placed centrally in cylindrical molds which were then filled with the resin composites.Each cylindrical specimen was sliced to make disc specimens 1 mm. thick using Isomet saw. Five disc specimens were obtained in each cylindrical specimen and then polished with sandpaper No.600, 800 and 1200 (N=20). The shear bond strengths were tested using the Instron^® testing machine to measure the force (MPa) which pushed the posts out of the resin composites. The means of shear bond strength were statistically analyzed using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA). There was no significant difference in the means of shear bond strength at all groups (p>.05)

The objective of this study was to survey a group of public dentists in North-easternThailand regarding management of patients with dysfunctional masticatory system. Survey a number of 857 dentists working at public health facilities in North-eastern Thailand using a mail questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. There were mails with enough information derived from 509 respondents. They were 139 male and 370 female with aged ranged 24 to 58 years (mean age 33.9 years) practicing in regional hospital general hospital, community hospital and others. Most of them (75.2 %) had a practice profile as a combination of general and specialty practice. No occlusion specialist was found. All had found patients with at least one sign or symptom of dysfunctional masticatory system. Most of them (98.8%) had found patients who had attrittive teeth/restoration with sensitivity, next (68.7-88.4%) had found patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and a lot (53.2 and 70.3%) had found patients with occlusal and chewing problems. Dentists had investlgated and managed their patients based on various symptoms. Some referred their patients to other medlcal personnel and most likely referred to other dentists with main causes as the lack of personnel, knowledge/skill and equipments. Dentists in community hospital were more likely to refer their patients to other public health hospital, while dentists in general and regional hospitals were much likely to refer their patients to faculty of dentistry due to better equipped facilities. ln conclusion, public dentist in North- eastern Thailand had found patients with masticatory system dysfunction in general. They had managed their patients with some level. To improve the oral healthcare system, there should be more personnel specialized in this field or have more training of local dentists for proper management to these patients.

lmpacted maxillary central incisors can cause disturbances in both esthetics and occlusion. The characteristics of impacted maxillary central incisors vary with individuals. Thus the appropriate management also varies. Basic knowledge of impacted maxillary central incisors and methods of management are important to distinguish individually appropriate treatment plans. Therefore, the etiology, examination, diagnosis and management of impacted maxillary central incisors are included in this article. ln cases of suspected impacted maxillary central incisors, careful history taking, clinical and radiographic examination are necessary for diagnosis and treatment planning. The principles of treatment of the impacted maxillary central incisors with obstructive causes are preparation of adequate space for eruption of the maxillary central incisors, removal of the obstacles at the appropriate time and follow-up for eruption, or orthodontic traction to move the impacted teeth into the proper position. ln cases of dilacerated maxillary central incisors, treatment planning should be developed based on the prognosis of the dilacerated teeth, which may be affected by various factors. The treatment plan could be surgical removal or orthodontic traction of the impacted teeth. When orthodontic traction is preferred, the location of the curvature on the root determines the treatment strategy. ln cases of apical root dilaceration, root amputation may be peformed. On the other hand, traction of teeth dilacerated at the coronal third of the root, must be accompanied by amputation of the crown and the fabrication of a new crown restoration. ln conclusion, impacted maxillary central incisors should be retained and brought to the normal position in good prognosis cases.

Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGS) are common proteoglycans synthesized by virtually all cells in invertebrates and vertebrates. HSPGS play important roles in various cell activities such as cell-cell and cell-matrix interaction, cell proliferation ,cell migration,and pathological processes. There are extensive studies on HSPGS in various aspects such as structure, metabolism and biological functions. HSPGS are classified into two major types; extracellular matrix HSPGS (perlecan, agrin' etc.) and cell-surface HSPGs (syndecan and glypican ,etc.). This article focuses on the cell-surface HSPGs only. Cell- surface HSPGS can be classified by the type of linkages of their protein core to cellular membrane. There are two types of cell-surface HSPGS; transmembrane HSPGS and glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored HSPGS. They are differences in their biosynthesis,degradation and biological function. Study of cell-surface HSPGS can be useful to develop treatment of diseases as well as specific markers for differential diagnosis and monitoring tools for many diseases.

A rare case of multiple dental anomalies in a 19-year-old Thai male is reported.lntraoral examination presented a combination of anomalies which involves the entire dentition with no apparent systemic complications. These dental anomalies include shovel-shaped incisors ,carnivorous-like crowns and multitubercular crowns. Radiographic findings revealed ten dens invaginatus associated with four periapical radiolucencies and abnormal root shaped molars.

Osteogenesls lmperfecta is a genetic disorder affectlng the constructlon of connectlve tissue mainly type l collagen. The defective type l collagen may be involved in several body parts, including bone, sclera, joint,tendon, ligament,skin and middle and inner ear.More importantly,abnormal type l collagen also results in a malformation of dentin as manifested in dentinogenesis imperfecta in most cases. There are few articles in Thai concerning dental management for young patients with osteogenesis Imperfecta. This case-series report demonstrates two different treatment modalities based on the presence of dentinogenesis imperfect,for two children with osteogenesis imperfecta. ln addition, the cause,epidemiology and classification are also updated and described. we aim that this article will be useful for general dentists in order to provide a good oral care for children with osteogenesis imperfecta.

A 22-year-old Thai Female was admitted to Uthaithani Hospital with a history of accidentally swallowing a toothbrush 1 month ago. The patient fell down while brushing her teeth. The toothbrush was pushed and passed to the stomach. she had the symploms of abdominal pain while changing her position, abdominal discomfort after meals and intermittent vomiting. The plain abdominal radiograph showed a characteristic image of toothbrush in the area of stomach. The operation was done by using the method of gastrotomy to remove the toothbrush. The patient had no complication upon post - operative and follow - up periods. This report suggested that the occurrence of this unusual event might be prevented by paying more attention when perform tooth brushing. The toothbrush designed for safety should be concerned. ln addition the selection for patient management such as surgical or endoscopic removal is important to make a suitable treatment for these patients .

Early childhood caries cause by inappropriate caring of children. To prevent the disease, dental health education for caregivers is advocated. The purpose of this study was to test the efficiency and effectiveness of the designed dental health educational multimedia package for preschool day-care personnel. The package comprised of 3 videos and one pamphlet with the content of dental caries, cariogenic food the appearance of clean teeth and the tooth brushing method for preschooler. The designed multimedia was tested in the 92 personnel,aged between 24-52 years old, in preschool day-care centers of Jaturapakpiman District, Roiet province. Fifteen multiple-choice questions of pre- and post-test parallel questionnaires were developed to test the knowledge of the participants.The satisfaction of the designed media was also evaluated by rating scale questionnaire. The results showed that the media effiiciency was 75/73 and effectiveness index was 0.51. The average pre- and post-test scores were 8.3 ± 2.o points (55.4 ±13.3%) and 11.7 ± 2.2 points (78.1 ± 14.5 ) respectively. Following a single viewing of the media, the day-care personnel significantly improved their dental health knowledge (p <.001). The participants rated highly satisfaction on knowledgeable contents of the media, simple words of narration easy understanding and proper format of presentation.

Restoration of endodontically treated teeth with fiber-reinforced composite posts and resin cement provides micromechanical retention and monoblock. As a consequent increasing the number and length of post may improve fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of number and dowel length of fiber-reinforced composite posts on fracture resistance and mode of failure in maxillary premolars. Forty maxillary premolars were sectioned transversally at the level of 2 mm above the buccal cemento-enamel junction and then endodontically treated. All teeth were randomly divided into four groups (n=10): Group 1 restored with 1 post, 8 mm length at palatal canal. Group 2 restored with 2 posts, 8 mm length at buccal and palatal canals. Group 3 restored with 1 post, 4 mm length at palatal canal. Group 4 restored with 2 posts, 4 mm length at buccal and palatal canals. The fiber-reinforced composite posts and full metal crowns were cemented with Excite^® DSC and Variolink^® . Fracture resistance were assessed using lnstron testing machine. The compressive load was applied at 45 degrees to the 1ong axis of the tooth. The crosshead speed was 0.5 mm/min until tooth fracture occurred. A fracture load and fracture mode were also recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using 2-way ANOVA and Tukey multiple comparison (p =.05). The results showed that the fracture resistance of group l was significantly different from group 2 (p = .023) but not different from group 3 and 4. No significant differences were identified among group 2, 3 and 4. The oblique fractures to the end of posts were found in all groups. Most of fracture line of group 1 2 and 4 occurred at middle 1/3 whereas that of group 3 occurred at coronal 1/3 more than others. From the result of this study. it can be concluded that fracture resistance of teeth restored with l post was higher than teeth restored with 2 posts. However, the fracture resistances of teeth restored with post length 4 mm and 8 mm were not different.

The purpose of this study was to compare the retentive force of the denture on different undercut of modified custom abutments (0.01 0.02, 0.03 and 0.04 inches) before and after insertion-removal cycle a telescopic custom abutment as a control group by conducting 5 times each. Retentive force was measured before and after 480 insertion-removal cycles. The data were analyzed by Kruskal-wallis and Conover-lnman Test (α=0.05). A result showed that the dlfference of retentive force before and after insertion-removal cycle in 0.02 inch undercut gauge and telescopic abutment is not statistically significant (p =.7742). The difference of retentive force before and after insertion- removal cycle in 0.01 and 0.03 inch undercut gauge is not statistically significant (p =.1 255) and the difference of retentive force before and after insertion-removal cycle in 0.03 and 0.04 inch undercut gauge is not statistically significant (p =.2444). The conclusion of this study was that the hlgher undercut gauge group was more the change of retentive force than the lower undercut gauge group after insertion-removal cycle.

The objectives of this review article are to study the etiology, clinical and radiographic examination, diagnosis and treatment plan for patients who have gummy smile. There are many factors related to gummy smile such as gingival growth, tooth eruption, growth and development of alveolar bone and maxilla, lip morphology and muscle function of lips patients who come for dental treatment should be examined clinically and radiographically to search for the etiology of gummy smile and to achieve proper treatment plan, The treatment of gummy smile includes periodontal treatment orthodontic treatment and maxillofacial surgery, depends on the etiology. To achieve a good treatment result, the cooperation between many specialists is needed. This review article might be useful and can be used as a guide line for treatment and transference of patients who have gummy smile.

Thalassemia is a common genetic disease in Thailand. Dentists may encounter patients with the disease in daily practice. It is important for the dentists to understand the medical implications of the disease in order to provide the best dental care for the patients Thalassemia is a group of haematologic disorders characterized by absent or reduced synthesis of polypeptide chains of haemoglobin. The imperfect haemoglobin results in destruction of the red blood cells leading to chronic hemolyticanemia. Thalassemic patients show great clinical variability in their signs and symptoms which are depended on the severity of the anemia, the patient 's age and duration of clinical symptoms the timing of the rapeutic blood transfusion and of splenectomy. Therefore, every patient should be approached on an individual, basis and the dentist should co-operate with the physician.The purposes of this article were to review medical implications. contemporary medical therapy and its manifestation in the craniofacial complex and provide recommendations for dental care of the thalassemic pediatric patients.