Guideline on caries risk assessment is organized by age group; < 3, 3 - < 6, 6 - 12 and > 12 years. The risk assessment is considered from health status, oral examination and factors that related to dental caries by weighted
scoring system. The weighted scores of the factors are set according to the strength of association with caries. For children aged < 12 years old, the risk levels are classified as low, high and very high, whereas risk levels for > 12 years old are low, moderate and high. The management of caries risk is based on the risk level and age groups. The caries risk management includes 1) home care; healthy life style, plaque control and home use of fluoride. 2) professional care; risk factor modification, professionally applied fluoride, sealant, cavity management and recall.

This study investigates the association between the underlying determinants for obtaining fake braces among adolescents in Bangkok. The study design was case-controlled. Participants included 45 cases of adolescents who
obtained fake braces and 336 controls who obtained professional braces. They were sampled from 12- to 18-year-old students who had experiences of orthodontic braces or fake braces. Independent variables like socioeconomic status, information support, subjective norm, knowledge, and attitude were assessed by a self-administered questionnaire. The univariate analyses were performed using chi-square tests and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests to compare differences between groups then logistic regression was used to identify the influential factors. We found that the fake braces group was mostly of younger adolescents (93.3%). Information from friends, the influence of friends and famous persons, lack of knowledge, and lower socioeconomic status had statistically significant associations with fake braces obtaining (P < 0.05). As opposed to the professional braces group, most of the adolescents who obtained fake braces did not expect good tooth alignment results (P < 0.001). Their attitudes about the social class symbol of braces also were discordant with the professional braces group (P = 0.002). The logistic regression model showed the fake braces group tended to be younger (OR = 0.17; 95% CI: 0.002-0.112). They also tended to get braces information from friends (OR = 14.83; 95% CI: 3.44-63.91), ignore tooth alignment results (OR = 0.13; 95% CI: 0.05-0.31), accept braces as a social class symbol (OR = 2.20; 95% CI: 1.04-4.64), and have a lower knowledge score (OR = 0.70; 95% CI: 0.50-0.98). In conclusion, this study proved that peer influence, the expectation of esthetic results, social ladder, and knowledge among younger adolescents had strong associations with the type of braces obtained. The measures to alleviate the fake braces situation should be determined to include these significant factors.

Nowadays, in modern medicine, three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction uses innovative new applications by building cost-effective patient-specific surgical models and prostheses. Concurrently, 3D reconstruction is useful in
dental and maxillofacial disciplines for pre-operative planning and surgical simulation. During the 3D reconstruction process, one of the significant procedures is segmentation, which involves extracting interesting structures from undesirable surroundings. In this case, if the digital segmentation is inaccurate, the physical model generated by the virtual model will not properly represent the anatomy of the structure, resulting in a discordance between the treatment plan and the outcome. The study aims to assess the segmental accuracy of the new threshold-based semi-automatic segmentation method for establishing 3D tooth reconstruction from cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Ten extracted teeth and corresponding pre-existing CBCT images were collected for this experimental study. The physical data of each extracted tooth was gathered as tooth length and volume, which were measured by an electronic digital caliper and a densitometer for solids, respectively. The new threshold-based semi-automatic segmentation method was performed by InVesalius software to establish 3D tooth reconstruction from corresponding pre-existing CBCT images. The outcomes were measured through linear (deviation of the tooth length) and volumetric (percentage of volume alteration) measurements between the 3D model and extracted tooth, using measurement tools in the Meshmixer software. The Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to investigate all parameters. The results revealed no significant difference in size between the 3D reconstruction and physical teeth in both linear and volumetric measurements. Moreover, the accuracy of the segmental procedure in the linear and volumetric assessments is 97.44% and 94.95%. In conclusion, the new segmental technique from this study exhibits good accuracy. However, further investigation in clinical application of the printing models established from this new method is recommended to confirm its efficacy.

Orthognathic surgery, a surgical intervention to correct dentofacial deformities, imposes oral intake limitations on patients for a duration up to 8 weeks, leading to weight loss and decreased muscle mass. Reduced muscle mass
impairs the body’s ability to acquire essential amino acids and cytokines, affecting its defence mechanisms against infection. We aimed to study the impact of orthognathic surgery on muscle mass. A study was conducted to examine changes in weight, body mass index (BMI), and muscle mass in patients following orthognathic surgery. Twenty-nine patients were included in the study. The patients’ height, weight, BMI, and muscle mass were measured pre-operatively and 2 and 4 weeks post-operatively. Patients experienced an average weight loss of 3.5 kg at 2 weeks post-operation with only a marginal gain of 0.1 kg, resulting in a weight loss of 3.4 kg by the 4-week mark. The BMI decreased by an average of 1.3 at 2 weeks and remained unchanged at 4 weeks. Analysis of muscle mass revealed a drop of 2.0 kg at 2 weeks post-operation with subsequent marginal gain of 0.1 kg, leading to a total loss of 1.9 kg at the 4-week mark, accounting for 57.1 % and 55.9 % of the total weight loss. The site of the surgery, specifically the oral cavity, has a significant impact on the patients’ nutritional intake and wound healing processes. Surgical interventions can lead to protein catabolism and muscle mass loss. The findings highlight the need for further research and the development of a specific nutritional therapy protocol to minimise postoperative complications and help patients maintain a balanced diet while dealing with a metabolic load.

This study aimed to compare the dentoskeletal changes after using anterior bite planes fabricated from acrylic resin (ABP) and thermoplastic materials (TBP) to correct deep bite in a group of children. Fifty-one deep bite
patients (aged 11.87 ± 1.35 years) were randomly allocated into an untreated control, ABP, and TBP groups. Cephalometric changes between before the treatment (T0) and the visit after normal overbite was achieved (T1) were analyzed (α = .05). Compared with the untreated control group at the average treatment duration of 5.05 ± 1.5 months, significant changes in overbite and lower facial height in both treatment groups were observed (P < .05). ABP and TBP reduced overbite by 2.57 ± 1.70 mm and 2.30 ± 1.75 mm, respectively (P ≥ .05). Lower facial height of ABP and TBP increased by 2.60 ± 2.50 mm and 1.90 ± 2.25 mm, respectively (P ≥ .05). Significant increases of the overjet and proclination of maxillary incisors were observed in the ABP group (P < .05), while significant decreases of overjet and retroclination of maxillary incisors were found in the TBP group (P <.05). Comparing the TBP group with the control and ABP groups, a significant reduction (P < .05) was observed in both overjet and maxillary incisor inclination. In conclusion, ABP and TBP successfully alleviated deep bite. However, overjet and maxillary incisor inclination of the ABP group increased, while both parameters of TBP group decreased.

This study aimed to examine the surface remaining metal ions of two types of stainless steel brackets in different chloride environments of two swimming pools by comparing the amount of ions found on the surface of
the brackets and comparing surface characteristics at bracket slots between the study groups after one year usage and analyzing the metallic composition of the two types of brackets. Two brands of brackets were studied (AM, KO). Participants included 28 swimmers from two different pools (CU, BC) and a control group of 14 orthodontic patients. Bracket brands were randomly allocated to all participants. The mandibular incisor brackets were removed after one year of treatment. The removed brackets were soaked in 17% EDTA and analyzed for iron ion (Fe), nickel ion (Ni), and chromium ion (Cr) using ICP-OES. Two-way ANOVA were used to examine the effects of brackets and pools on the amount of ions. Additionally, electron microscopy images were compared between the unused and used bracket surfaces and using EDX to detect metal composition. The results revealed no significant relationship between bracket types and pools. However, there were significant differences in the quantity of iron ion and nickel ion between the two types of brackets at a statistical significance level of 0.01. AM brackets exhibited distinct surface characteristics between the used and unused groups, while KO brackets did not show such differences. In conclusion, AM brackets exhibited higher surface remaining metal ions than KO brackets. The chloride environments of the swimming pools did not significantly affect the surface remaining metal ions of stainless steel brackets.

This case report presents a successful interdisciplinary dental treatment to manage edentulous spaces in a skeletal class III case using camouflage orthodontic treatment with autotransplantation of a tooth with complete root
formation, by four specialties: prosthodontics, endodontics, oral surgery, and orthodontics. The treatment plan included extraction of the mandibular left first premolar and the maxillary right first premolar as well as autotransplantation of the maxillary right first premolar into the maxillary left premolar edentulous area. The keys to success of the autotransplantation were: (1) endodontic treatment of the donor tooth prior to orthodontic tooth alignment with round wire, (2) preapplication of orthodontic force before extraction, (3) preparation of the recipient socket guided by the periapical radiograph and study casts, (4) preservation of the donor tooth in its own bleeding socket during trying in, and (5) the use of a short-term suture splint. Comprehensive orthodontic treatment was completed, with favourable results. The treatment time was 38 months. The transplanted tooth was in excellent condition for a porcelain crown restoration, but the patient declined the treatment. After seven years of follow-up, the transplanted tooth was still in good condition with no signs of inflammation, or root resorption. This article thoroughly discusses the decision making for the treatment sequence and appropriate approaches from each specialist.

This study aimed to develop and test the oral health literacy measuring tool for patients in the Comprehensive Dental Clinic, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University. It was divided into two phases. In the first phase, the oral
health literacy measuring tool for patients in the Comprehensive Dental Clinic was developed from the literature reviews. In the second phase, the created tool was tested for its quality in comparison with the existing tool, namely the oral health literacy measuring tool for adult patients in the Thai version by Supasin Deeraksa (ThREALD-30). The multi-stage sampling was undertaken to obtain 112 samples as maintenance patients, aged over 50 years, in the Comprehensive Dental Clinic, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University. The samples were required to answer the questions contained in both tools at the same time, whereby this process was completed within 15 minutes. Data collection was conducted from January 2021 to December 2021. The measuring tool consisted of 32 items, covering all six components: access to dental service information, understanding, questioning, decision-making, oral behavioral change, and retelling others. The study results showed that the tool contained face validity and concurrent validity. The convergent validity with ThREALD-30 was r=0.22 (p=0.022), the concurrent validity occurring regarding the education level (p=0.047). In addition, the reliability of the whole measurement form showed Cronbach’s alpha coefficient equal to 0.96. In conclusion, the developed oral health literacy measuring tool can be further used to evaluate oral health literacy among patients for dental treatment.

This study purposed to evaluate the effect of a 21-day Chatbot on caregivers’ knowledge, attitude and
practices for children aged 0 to 5 years old, as well as the chatbot’s engagement and satisfaction. This study has
2 parts; first was a retrospective quantitative research evaluating caregivers’ knowledge, attitude and practices for
children aged 0 to 5 years old and engagement, utilizing data from a 21-day Chatbot initiative in 7 provinces southern
Thai regions program by the Faculty of Dentistry at Prince of Songkla University and National Health Security Office
(NHSO). The second part was a prospective qualitative research to evaluate user satisfaction and motivations for utilizing chatbot. Two trained and calibrated interviewers performed online in-depth interviews with individuals
who attended chatbot for 7, 14, and 21 days. Results indicated that after using a 21-day Chatbot program, a high
percentage of parents were confident in their ability to clean their children’s teeth and understood the reasons,
consequence, and methods for avoiding child dental caries. All 21 days of the program were attended by 57.9% of
the caregivers. Almost of caregivers satisfied with simple assess to participate, features, replies, infographics, videos,
knowledge provided. Additionally, the could applied provided knowledge for daily practices. Discontinuation of use was
based on their own schedules and the stability of the platform, which may error and did not deliver messages every day.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the total provider cost of three oral health service delivery models.
Dental services were provided in sub-district health-promoting hospitals in three Contracted Units of Primary Care
(CUPs) by a fixation of dental nurses (Model 1), a rotation of dental personnel from the hospital once a week (Model 2),
or a combination of fixed dental nurses and rotation of dental personnel from the hospital once a month (Model
3). The design was a retrospective study. Population was all CUPs in the 11th health region of Thailand. Purposive
sampling of one CUP per model was carried out in accordance with the criteria, implementation of such models for
at least three fiscal years (Fiscal year 2018 - 2020) and high level of data collection cooperation. Total direct costs of
providers in fiscal year 2020, including capital costs, labor costs, and material costs, were collected by data collection
forms, which were tested for quality by the consensus agreement of the three experts. Data analysis consisted of total
provider cost analysis and sensitivity analysis using Microsoft Excel version 2016. The results showed that the total
provider cost per client and per visit for Model 1, Model 2, and Model 3 were 284, 188, and 319 baht per client and
171, 132, and 175 baht per visit, respectively. The results of a one-way sensitivity analysis of indirect cost percentage
and number of clients for the past three fiscal years present a similar trend as the base case. The lowest to highest
provider costs were as follows: Model 2, Model 1, and Model 3. In conclusion, A CUP that provided dental services
in sub-district health promoting hospitals by rotating dental personnel from the hospital once a week was the most
economically valuable of the three patterns.

Denture base fracture is often found as a primary clinical mode failure because of low flexural strength and
repetitive stress. The fabrication of new dentures incurs high expenses and is time-consuming. Purpose: The aim
of this study was to evaluate the flexural strength of auto-polymerized acrylic resins reinforced with 0.5, 1, 3, 10
weight % silane-treated nano-aluminum oxide particles. Seventy-two rectangular (ISO standard 20795-1) acrylic resins
were fabricated and divided into six groups (n=12). Two control groups were an unmodified heat-polymerized acrylic
resin group and auto-polymerized acrylic resin group. The others were experimental groups incorporated with 0.5, 1, 3
and 10 weight % silane-treated nano-aluminum oxide particles. The flexural strength was measured by a three-point
bending test. One-way ANOVA and Tukey Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) were used for statistical analysis. The
means flexural strength of silane-treated nano-alumina reinforced auto-polymerized groups (Groups SA0.5, SA1, SA3
and SA10) (136.63, 128.46, 125.61 and 121.53 MPa) were significantly improved compared to that of the control
self-cured group (Group SC) (111.49 MPa) (p<0.05). Group SA0.5 showed the highest mean flexural strength compared
to group SA10 and SC. Group SA0.5 also had the mean flexural strength almost as high as group HC. The flexural
strength of auto-polymerized acrylic resins with low weight percentages of silane-treated nano-alumina tended to be
higher than those with high weight percentages of silane-treated nano-alumina. Flexural strength of auto-polymerized
acrylic resins reinforced with nano-alumina at 0.5 weight percent was comparable to that of heat-cured acrylic resins.

Guideline on Use of Fluoride in Dentistry was developed by the Dental Association of Thailand. It is an update from the last revision in 2017 by an expert dental panel to reach a consensus on use of fluoride in dentistry. This
document reflects a review of dental literature and sources of professional expertise including both academic and practicing communities in Thailand. The use of fluoride is categorized into 3 groups: 1) Home-use fluoride (fluoride toothpaste, fluoride mouthrinse, high concentration fluoride toothpaste, and dietary fluoride supplements), 2) Professionally applied fluoride (fluoride gel, fluoride varnish, and silver diamine fluoride), and 3) Community-use fluoride (milk fluoridation and water fluoridation). This following guideline includes clinical effectiveness, indications, instructions, precautions, and some adverse effects of fluoride.

This study is a retrospective cohort study that aimed to investigate the factors predicting tooth loss in type 2 diabetes patients. The sample consisted of 162 diabetes patients who visited diabetes clinic, Hat Yai Hospital, Songkla
province during october 2015 - september 2020. The data were obtained from electronic databases which included general data, medical history and oral health status. The data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, chi-square and multiple logistic regression. The results showed that duration of diabetes mellitus, taking drug induced xerostomia and remaining teeth was associated tooth loss in 1 year statistically significant (p<0.05). All three factors were able to predict tooth loss in diabetes patients by 38.8 %. Remaining teeth was the most influencing factor in predicting tooth loss in 1 year (p<0.01). Diabetes patients who had less than 20 remaining teeth were 9.6 times (95% CI 4.5-20.7) more likely to have tooth loss in 1 year than those with remaining teeth ≥ 20 teeth. The results of this study can be used to screen the risk of tooth loss in diabetes patients and to promote proper oral health care plans to reduce tooth loss in these diabetes patients.

This study aimed to explain enabling factors and barriers to the use of silver diamine fluoride among the elderly by dental practitioners in northeastern Thailand. Data were collected by in-depth interviews with eight
dental practitioners, six university lecturers and five lecturers from Sirindhorn College of Public Health, two silver diamine fluoride experts, and four dental policy makers were conducted to understand the enabling conditions and impediments to the use of silver diamine fluoride adapted from “The concept of access” by Penchansky and Thomas 1981. The findings revealed that the enabling factors are: the perception and experience with silver
diamine fluoride, which lead to confidence when applied; the efficacy of arresting caries; easy access to products; availability of products; simple procedures; the free cost for elderly people who have been included in universal
coverage program; and the acceptance of the majority of elderly. The COVID – 19 pandemic caused the inability to do aerosolizing treatments, which impelled dental practitioners curious about employing silver diamine fluoride. The barrier factors are : most dental practitioners don’t want to use silver diamine fluoride in the esthetics area as a consequence of black staining; having only one dealer company that seems to monopolize products caused purchasing problems; administration to use; that the substance is liquid, which is hard to control and causes blemishes in other areas; the lack of a silver diamine fluoride code for the medical treatment expense in hospital
record system; and that some elderly were not accepted in black staining. At present, there is no policy explicitly encouraging the use of silver diamine fluoride, but dental policy makers are considering including it in home visiting
programs for dependent elderly people through appropriate case selection.

The study aimed to evaluate the effect of cleansing protocols for blood – hemostatic agent contaminated dentin on the shear bond strength (SBS) of self-etch or self-adhesive resin cements. Flat 50 buccal or lingual dental
surfaces obtained from intact human third molars were randomly allocated into two groups according to the type of resin cements (self-adhesive resin cement groups and self-etch resin cement groups). Specimens were then sub-divided into five subgroups according to contamination and cleansing protocols (Control, blood + aluminum chloride + water, blood + aluminum chloride + 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, blood + ferric sulfate + water, blood + ferric sulfate +17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid). In the self-etch resin cement group, Single BondTM Universal adhesive in self-etch mode was used. Cylindrical RelyXTM Ultimate or RelyXTM Unicem was built up by using SBS jig. After threemonth in distilled water storage at 37OC, all samples were performed SBS test. F-test one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey HSD post hoc test was used to analyzed data in the self-etch resin cement and Welch’s ANOVA followed by Games-Howell was used in the self-adhesive resin cement. Level of confident was set at 95%. Failure mode of fracture specimens was evaluated with a stereomicroscope. In the self-etch group, mean values of SBS in all investigated groups demonstrated no statistically significant difference compared to the control group (p=0.537). In the self-adhesive group, all test groups showed significantly decreased mean values of SBS compared to the control group (p<0.001). Cleansing with either water or 17%EDTA is suitable for blood-hemostatic agent contaminated dentin when using resin cement combined with self-etch universal adhesive. However, both methods are not recommended for cleaning such contamination when self-adhesive resin cement is used.

This retrospective study aimed to investigate the effects of different orthodontic treatment modalities on mandibular positions in Class II division 1 growing patients. The 96 patients, (48 boys, 48 girls) aged 11.7±1.6 years
were equally divided into three groups: the cervical headgear group, the extraction of four first premolars, and the Class II traction. Significant changes of the mandibular positions and related structures were evaluated from pre- and post-treatment lateral cephalograms by angular and linear measurements as well as the x-y coordinate system. The paired t-test or the Wilcoxon signed rank test was applied to investigate significant changes within groups, and differences between groups were evaluated by ANOVA or the Kruskal Wallis H test. Factors influencing the significant changes of mandibular positions were evaluated by stepwise multiple regression analysis at a P<0.05 significance level. The result indicated significant changes of mandibular position after treatment. Nonextraction treatment with cervical headgear followed by fixed edgewise appliance produced the most significantly forward and downward movements of the mandible with forward rotation. Mandibular rotation was the most important factor affecting the anterior position of the chin, followed by the horizontal growth of the condyle. Meanwhile, the downward movement of the maxilla at the A point and the vertical growth of the condyle were significantly affected by the vertical position of the chin. In conclusion, alterations of mandibular positions after treatment of Class II division 1 malocclusion could be expected depending on growth potential of the patient. Significant differences of mandibular positions between treatment groups could be detected when evaluated by the x-y coordinate system. Forward and downward displacements of the mandible with forward rotation were the most remarkable in the headgear group followed by the extraction and Class II traction groups, respectively.

The 3-Dimension treatment planning using database from cone beam computed tomography and surface scan of patients’ face could provide more information. However, the application of combined data is still limited.
Few reports are available since the novel of twelve-angle camera facial scan system was introduced for maxillofacial application. Twenty-five healthy volunteers were included to study accuracy and precision of the novel twelve-angle camera facial scan system compared to digital Vernier caliper. Anthropometry points and distances were identified and measured using the digital Vernier caliper and novel twelve-angle camera facial scan system (H3 lumio3D, Bangkok, Thailand). Mean absolute deviation and Relative error magnitude were analyzed for indicated accuracy. The Intra Class Correlation and Dahlberg’s error were analyzed for indicated precision. The accuracy from facial scan method demonstrated lower values than digital Vernier caliper method except left orbital fissure distance and intercanthal width. The excellence of precision was shown. The novel twelve-angle camera facial scan system demonstrated proper accuracy and precision due to these values were in a same range of previous systems. Nowadays, clinical applications of previous systems were reported. Twelve-angle camera facial scan system could be applied for clinical application too.

This cross-sectional study investigated the periodontal status and potential risk indicators for severe periodontitis in type 2 diabetic patients. The oral health knowledge and behaviors of the patients were also evaluated.
A systematic random sampling method was used to recruit 290 dentate patients with physician-diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus who visited a diabetic center at a Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA) tertiary hospital.
Data on socioeconomic, diabetic status, oral health knowledge, and behaviors were collected using a questionnaire. The Periodontal Screening and Recording (PSR) Index was used to assess the periodontal status of the patients. The findings showed that 61.03 % of the diabetic patients had periodontitis (PSR code 3 = 26.89 % and PSR code 4 = 34.14 %). A univariate analysis found that increased age, lower education level, smoking, self-perceived “poor” blood glucose control, diabetes duration of ≥ 5 years, and diabetes complication increased the risk of severe periodontitis (PSR code 4). A multiple regression analysis determined that having primary education (odds ratio: OR = 3.75), being a former smoker (OR = 2.99) or current smoker (OR = 4.06), and a diabetes duration of 5–10 years (OR = 2.17) were significantly associated with severe periodontitis (p<0.05). Only 42.4 % of the patients had “adequate” oral health knowledge, 64.5% had never used interdental cleaning devices, and only 29.7 % went for a dental check-up every six months. Patients with type 2 diabetes at the BMA tertiary hospital had a high prevalence of periodontitis. Significant predictors of severe periodontitis were education level, smoking, and diabetes duration. Furthermore, most of the diabetic patients lacked oral health knowledge and had poor oral health behaviors.